Master Restoration & Flood » Mold Clean Up

Health Concerns in Your Basement

admin — Sat, 01 Nov 2008 22:00:34 +0000

You can use potpourri, aerosol sprays, burn candles, and any other imaginable ploy to remove that basement odor, but these topical treatments will not remedy the culprit. The problem is mold. And while it is possible to cover up its smell, its health effects will linger around until the mold is removed.

Home Health and Basement Odor
House mold and black mold emit toxins that are not particularly deadly on their own, but they can become serious health risks if people are exposed to them for an extended period of time. Basements are always suspect because they are typically the dampest room in a house. These toxins can cause headaches, dizziness, lethargy, and sundry other neurological ailments. Mold and other organic toxins can be a compound problem in a damp home, and the possible health risks to young children with vulnerable immune systems is serious, not to mention a notable cause of childhood asthma.

House Mold and Mold Tests
If you suspect that house mold is building in your home, you need to execute mold tests in the areas that are suspect. The results of these tests will determine how you need to go about eliminating the mold in your basement.

First, get a portable air cleaner and place these devices nearest to the mold epicenters. This will reduce the available amount of toxins in the air, which will reduce how much can be absorbed into the lungs. House mold grows most easily in areas of over 50% humidity. Dust mites are the same, as they will also thrive in wet environments. In your basement, place a dehumidifier which will help to reduce the humidity that acts like food to house mold and dust mites. Once the humidity drops below 50%, it will be difficult for house mold and dust mites to grow, much less thrive.

Mold Removal and Hepa Vacuums
Mold removal is a tricky task. If you scrub the mold spores they can very easily become airborne and spread to other areas of the home or into the lungs of those who inhabit it. Mold removal professionals can be called in to do what they do best. This will not take very long, not to mention that mold removal contractors have the correct equipment to best remove mold from any situation.

Mold removal contractors use Hepa vacuums to pull the mold from where it lives in your home, and into their systems, which is then disposed of properly. If you know that you need a mold removal contractor to remove mold from your basement—or any other place in your home.

Preventing Black Mold
After a mold removal contractor finishes removing mold from your basement, you still have some work ahead of you to prevent the black mold from returning. First, wash the specific areas where the Hepa vacuum removed the mold. Use soapy, warm water and clean those areas. However, you need to make sure that you dry the washed areas thoroughly; otherwise that same mold might grow right back in those damp areas.

Basement Odor
There are some things that you can do to reduce that basement odor: candles, potpourri, etc. And there are some methods that can deter mold from growing, such as dehumidifiers, portable air cleaners, and the like. Just remember that mold produces toxins that are dangerous to those in the house, especially young children. Mold removal is the sure fire way to eliminate the problem of basement odor, and to protect your family’s health

Winterizing Your Home for Good Indoor Air Quality

admin — Sat, 01 Nov 2008 22:00:34 +0000

As the weather begins to cool, we start preparing our homes for the winter season. Closing up the house and using your heater can really have an impact on indoor air quality. The best way to keep the air in your home clean throughout the cooler months is to get your heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system cleaned.

“When people go to turn their heat on, the dust and debris that has been collecting in the coils either burns into fumes or gets distributed throughout the home,” says John Schulte, executive director of the National Air Duct Cleaners Association (NADCA). “The warm environment can also be a haven for mold and mildew, all of which can cause air quality to plummet.”

HVAC systems have been shown to act as a collection source for a variety of contaminants that have the potential to affect health, such as mold, fungi, bacteria and very small particles of dust. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, indoor air can be two to five times more polluted than outdoor air. The removal of such contaminants from your HVAC system is crucial to improve indoor air quality. Plus, a clean system can save you money on your energy bill.

Further research from the EPA has demonstrated that HVAC system cleaning may allow systems to run more efficiently by removing debris from sensitive mechanical components. Clean, efficient systems are less likely to break down, have a longer life span, and generally operate more effectively than dirty systems.

“About half of the energy used in a building is on heating and cooling,” says Schulte. “Having your system cleaned can save up to 30 percent in energy costs. So not only are you improving indoor air quality, but you’re saving money and helping the environment.”

The top issues that effect a home’s HVAC system, its efficiency and air quality are:

1) Filtration Issues
Low-efficiency filters, lack of a filter replacement program, and improperly sized filters can allow particles and debris to flow into a home or building.

2) Duct Work Contamination
It is estimated that more than 90 percent of HVAC systems installed longer than 10 years will have some level of insulation deterioration. Over time, the insulation fibers are distributed and blown into occupied spaces every time the blower turns on.

3) Dirty Evaporator Coil
Over time, evaporator coils become matted with dust and dirt. During cold months, the heated air can flow over the dirty coils and be distributed into your home’s interior space.

The best way to determine if your HVAC system is clean is to perform a visual inspection. If any dust or debris can be seen, the system needs to be serviced. Some of the things that may lead a home owner to consider more frequent cleaning include:
* Smokers in the household.
* Pets that shed high amounts of hair and dander.
* Water contamination or damage to the home or HVAC system.
* Residents with allergies or asthma.
* Home renovations or remodeling.

“The most effective way to clean air ducts and ventilation systems is to employ Source Removal methods of cleaning,” says Schutle. “This requires a contractor to place the system under negative pressure, through the use of a specialized, powerful vacuum.”

Winterizing Your Home for Good Indoor Air Quality

admin — Sat, 01 Nov 2008 22:00:33 +0000

The top issues that effect a home’s HVAC system, its efficiency and air quality are:

1) Filtration Issues
Low-efficiency filters, lack of a filter replacement program, and improperly sized filters can allow particles and debris to flow into a home or building.

Health Concerns in Your Basement

admin — Sat, 01 Nov 2008 22:00:31 +0000

Winterizing Your Home for Good Indoor Air Quality

admin — Sat, 25 Oct 2008 17:00:27 +0000

The top issues that effect a home’s HVAC system, its efficiency and air quality are:

1) Filtration Issues
Low-efficiency filters, lack of a filter replacement program, and improperly sized filters can allow particles and debris to flow into a home or building.

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Health Concerns in Your Basement

admin — Sat, 04 Oct 2008 05:00:20 +0000

Health Concerns in Your Basement

admin — Sat, 04 Oct 2008 05:00:19 +0000

Health Concerns in Your Basement

admin — Tue, 09 Sep 2008 17:25:20 +0000

Health Concerns in Your Basement

admin — Tue, 09 Sep 2008 17:25:19 +0000

Absidia sp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 20:04:18 +0000

A zygomycete, which is considered common to the indoor environment. This organism is ubiquitous and therefore may be a contaminant in cultures. May cause Zygomycosis (mucormycosis) in immune compromised individuals. Absidia conidia can be an invasive infection agent.

Acrodontium salmoneum

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 20:04:01 +0000

Reported to be fairly common airborne fungus and is considered to be allergenic. Can produce a trichothecene toxin which is toxic if ingested. It was the primary fungus identified in at least two houses where the occupant complaints were nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It can produce mycetomas, infections of the nails, onychomycosis, corneal ulcers, eumycotic mycetoma, endophthalmitis, meningitis, and endocarditis. It is the asexual state of Emericellopsis sp. and Nectripsis sp.

Acremonium sp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 20:03:42 +0000

Formally Cephalosporium. It can produce mycetomas, infections of the nails, onchyomycosis, corneal ulers, eumycotic mycetoma, endophthalmitis, meningitis, and endocarditis. Type I (hay fever & asthma) and Type III (hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Humidifier lung) allergens.

Commonly found in soil and on dead plant material. Acremonium may be a pathogen for immunocompromised individuals. Reported to be allergenic and produces a trichothecene toxin which is toxic if ingested. It was the primary fungus identified in at least two house where the occupants complaints were nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Asexual state of Emericellopis sp., Chaetomium sp., and Nectripsis sp. It can produce mycetomas, infections of the cornea and nails.

Alternaria sp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 20:03:23 +0000

Commonly found in outdoor air. One of the most important of the fungal allergen sources. Type I (hay fever & asthma) and Type III (hypersensitivity pneumonitis) allergens. Occasionally causes phaeohyphomycosis most commonly in subcutaneous tissue. Majority of infections reported from persons with underlying disease or in those taking immunosuppressive drugs.

Although Alternaria is a notable source of fungal allergy, pathogenic infections are reported infrequently.

Aphanoascus fulvescens

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 20:03:07 +0000

Extremely widespread in soil, animal skin scrapings, and dung. Is often associated with birds nests and feathers. Should be considered an allergen. This fungus has also been documented in skin infections. No toxic related diseases are of record to date.

Apophysomyces elegans

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 20:02:44 +0000

Extremely widespread in soil and decaying vegetation. Should be considered an allergen. This fungus has also been documented in various zygomycosis including necrotizing fascitis, osteomyelitis, and angioinvasion. Most cases are acquired through the tramatic implantation of the fungus. No toxic related diseases are of record to date.

Arthrinium phaeospermum

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 20:02:26 +0000

Widespread saprophyte on dead plant material, particularly swampy grasses. Should be considered an allergen. This fungus has also been documented in various subcutaneous infections. No toxic related diseases are of record to date.

Arthrographis sp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 20:02:11 +0000

Extremely widespread in soil and decaying vegetation. Arthrographis cub idea and A. karee should be considered to be allergens. Akalrae has been documented in onychomycosis and has been recovered from the skin, nails and respiratory sites but has not been established as an etiological agent. No toxic related diseases are of record to date.

Ascomycete

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 20:01:41 +0000

One of the major classes of fungal organisms. This class contains the “sac fungi” and yeasts. Some ascomycete spores can be identified by spore morphology, however; some care should be exercised with regard to specific identification. Many ascomycete spores are reported to be allergenic.

Aspergillus sp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 20:01:24 +0000

These especially opportunistic pathogens may cause respiratory infections.

Some varieties produce mycotoxins and aflatoxins. Below are just a few species, some frequently found in buildings after a water loss.

Aspergillus alliaceus

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 20:01:03 +0000

This species is not commonly reported from nature and is not considered common to indoor environments. It has been isolated from soils in desert areas, grassland or cultivated soils, cacti, onion, and garlic bulbs. This fungus should be considered allergenic. No toxic or invasion diseases have been documented to date.

Aspergillus auricomus

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 20:00:44 +0000

This species was originally isolated from an aqueous solution of potassium iodide. It has also been isolated from cottonseed in Arizona. This species is not considered common to indoor environments. This fungus should be considered allergenic. No toxic of invasive diseases have been documented to date.

Aspergillus caespitosus

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 20:00:28 +0000

This species is not considered common to indoor environments. It has been predominantly isolated from soils but has also been isolated from sugarcane bagesse. This fungus should be considered allergenic. No toxic or invasive diseases have been documented to date.

Aspergillus caespitosus

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 20:00:10 +0000

Aspergillus candidus

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:59:49 +0000

This species considered common to indoor environments. It occurs predominantly in tropical and subtropical regions in stored foods and feedstuffs such as wheat, corn, barley, sorghum, rice, peanuts, dried macaroni, spaghetti, refrigerated dough products, and flour. It has also been isolated from soils. It has a Aw (water activity) of 0.75 and Conidia (spores) dimensions 2.5-4 microns. This fungus should be considered allergenic. This species has been reported as an opportunistic pathogen including onychomycosis, otomycosis, and invasive aspergillosis. It has also been reported to produce the toxic petulin which may be associated with diseases in humans and other animals.

Aspergillus carbonarius

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:59:17 +0000

This distinctive species has not been commonly reported. It has been isolated from mud and wood in mangrove swamps, soil and polluted water. This species is not considered common to indoor environments. This fungus should be considered allergenic. No toxic or invasive diseases have been documented to date.

Aspergillus carneus

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:58:59 +0000

This species is not considered common to indoor environments. It has been predominantly isolated from tropical and subtropical soils. This fungus should be considered allergenic. No toxic diseases have been documented to date. This species has been reported as an opportunistic pathogen.

Aspergillus cervinus

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:58:39 +0000

This species has not been commonly reported. It has been isolated from tropical rainforest soils in Malaya, Puerto Rico, New Zealand, Wisconsin, and India. This species is not considered common to indoor environments. This fungus should be considered allergenic. No toxic or invasive diseases have been documented to date.

Aspergillus clavatus

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:58:22 +0000

This distinctive species is a common soil fungus with widespread distribution in soils in warmer climates. It also is quite widely distributed in some kinds of foods, especially cereals. This species is not considered common to indoor environments, however; it has been frequently associated with the brewing industry. This fungus should be considered allergenic. No toxic or invasive diseases have been documented to date.

Aspergillus deflectus

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:58:02 +0000

Aspergillus flavipes

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:57:45 +0000

This species may be recovered from indoor environments. It has been predominantly isolated from tropical and subtropical soils and decaying vegetation, however; it has also been isolated from deteriorated cotton fabric. This fungus should be considered allergenic. No toxic diseases have been documented to date. This species has been reported as an opportunistic pathogen associated with cutaneous aspergillosis and osteomyelitis.

Aspergillus flavus

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:57:29 +0000

A plant, foods and dairy products, and warm soil micro fungi, it is found on moldy corn and peanuts. Some strains are capable of producing a group of mycotoxins in the aflatoxin group. It also may cause ear and eye infections.

Aspergillus foetidus

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:57:12 +0000

This species is not commonly reported from nature and is not considered common to indoor environments. It has been used in several industrial processes including koji for shochu and enzyme production. This fungus should be considered allergenic. No toxic of invasive diseases have been documented to date.

Aspergillus fumigatus

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:56:53 +0000

This fungus is frequently reported as a cause of Aspergillosis in immune compromised individuals and can be very dangerous.

Aspergillus japonicus

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:56:36 +0000

This species is not commonly reported from nature and is not considered common to indoor environments. It has been isolated from subtropical and tropical soils and also submerge organic debris. This fungus should be considered allergenic. No toxic or invasive diseases have been documented to date.

Aspergillus kanagawaensis

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:56:14 +0000

This species is not commonly reported from nature and is not considered common to indoor environments. It has been isolated from soils in hemlock and jack pine forest in Wisconsin. Has also been isolated from soils in Japan. This fungus should be considered allergenic. No toxic or invasive diseases have been documented to date.

Aspergillus glaucus

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:55:55 +0000

This species may be recovered from the indoor environment. It has widespread distribution in subtropical regions . It has been recovered in nature from soils and on plants. This fungus can grow at low moisture levels and has also been isolated from grains, sugary food products, meat, wool, dried foods, and leather. It has been reported as a common outdoor fungus in the winter. The conidia (spores) for this fungus have dimensions of 5-6.5 microns and is the imperfect stage of the ascomycetous fungus Eurotium sp. It is reported to be allergenic. This species is only occasionally pathogenic and has been associated with sinusitis, otitis, cerebral, orofacial, and pulmonary infections. No toxic diseases have been documented to date.

Aspergillus nidulans

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:55:30 +0000

This species in not considered common to indoor environments. It has been frequently isolated from tropical and subtropical soils but less frequently from other areas. This fungus has an Aw (water activity) of 0.78 with conidia (spores) having dimensions of 2-4 microns. It is reported to be allergenic. This species has been reported in a variety of animal and human infections including invasive and systemic disease including aspergillosis of the lungs and /or disseminated aspergillosis. It can produce the mycotoxin sterigmatocysti that has been shown to produce liver and kidney damage in lab animals.

Aspergillus niger

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:55:10 +0000

A black mold commonly found on onions. Like Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger can infect the human ear.

Aspergillus niveus

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:54:52 +0000

This species is not considered common to indoor environments. It has been predominantly isolated from soils and appears to be widely distributed. This fungus should be considered allergenic. No toxic or invasive diseases have been documented to date.

Aspergillus ochraceus

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:54:35 +0000

This species is considered common to indoor environments. It is widespread in cultivated soils, but has also been documented in uncultivated soils, grains and salted food products. It is not usually associated with decaying vegetation. This fungus has an Aw (water activity) of 0.77 with conidia (spores) having dimensions of 2.5 -3 microns. It is reported to be allergenic. It has not been reported as causing any invasive disease to date. This fungus can also produce ochratoxin A, which may produce ochratoxicosis in humans. This is also known as Balkan nephropathy, a disorder that affects the kidneys. The toxin is produced at optimum growth conditions at 25 degrees C and high moisture conditions. The ochratoxin may also be produced by other Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. Other toxins which can be produced by this fungus include penicillic acid, xanthomegnin and viomellein. These are all reported to be kidney and liver toxins.

Aspergillus oryzae

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:54:15 +0000

This species may be considered common to some indoor environments. It has been predominantly isolated from soils, vegetative plant parts, seeds and cotton fabrics. It is also used in food fermentations, in the production of saki, shoyu, miso and soy sauce, and as a source of industrial enzymes. This fungus should be considered allergenic. No toxic or invasive diseases have been documented to date.

Aspergillus ostianus

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:53:55 +0000

This species in not considered common to indoor environments. It has been isolated from animal feed, chicory seed, and gram seed storage. This fungus should be considered allergenic. No toxic or invasive diseases have been documented to date.

Aspergillus paradaoxus

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:53:38 +0000

This species is considered a very uncommon species that is not considered typical of indoor environments. It has been isolated from possum dung and soil. This fungus should be considered allergenic. No toxic or invasive diseases have been documented to date.

Aspergillus parasiticus

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:52:42 +0000

This species is not considered common to indoor environments. It has been isolated from cultivated soils. Lack of reported isolations may be due in part to the failure of investigators to differentiate A. parasiticus from A. flavus. It has been isolated more frequently from seeds, other plants and insects. This fungus should be considered allergenic. No invasive diseases have been documented to date. Some strains are capable of producing a group of mycotoxins- in the aflatoxin group. Aflatoxins are a known animal carcinogen. There is limited evidence to suggest that this toxin is a human carcinogen. The toxin is poisonous to humans by ingestion. Experiments have indicated that it is teratogenic and mutagenic. It is toxic to the liver. The production of the fungal toxin is dependent on the growth conditions and on the substrate used as a food source.

Aspergillus penicilloides

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:52:24 +0000

This species is not generally considered common to indoor environments, however; this may be related to its xerophyilic nature (can grow in areas with low water activity) and that it grows very poorly on usual laboratory media. Therefore, it may often be overlooked in typical investigations. Reports in the literature are quite rare, however, if suitable media are used, the species can be recovered in large numbers from a variety of dried foods, house dust, spices, and cereals. This fungus should be considered allergenic. It has also been reported as an opportunistic pathogen. No toxic diseases have been documented to date.

Aspergillus puniceus

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:52:07 +0000

This species in not commonly reported from nature and is not considered common to indoor environments. It has been isolated from soils. This fungus should be considered allergenic. No toxic or invasive diseases have been documented to date.

Aspergillus restrictus

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:51:41 +0000

This species is not generally considered common to indoor environments, however; this may be related to its slow growing nature. Therefore, it may often be overlooked in typical investigations. It has been isolated from a variety of substrates including soil, cotton goods and fruit juices, and from air. This fungus should be considered allergenic. It has been reported as an opportunistic pathogen and associated with endocarditis, onychomycosis, and pulmonary aspergillosis. No toxic diseases have been documented to date.

Aspergillus sclerotiorum

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:51:19 +0000

This species is not considered common to indoor environments. It has been isolated from tropical and subtropical soils. This fungus should be considered allergenic. No toxic or invasive diseases have been documented to date.

Aspergillus sojae

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:51:02 +0000

This species is not considered common to indoor environments. To date, it has only been isolated from koji fermentations. This fungus should be considered allergenic. No toxic or invasive diseases have been documented to date.

Aspergillus sparsis

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:50:46 +0000

This species in not considered common to both outdoor of indoor environments. It has been isolated from soil. This fungus should be considered allergenic. No toxic or invasive diseases have been documented to date.

Aspergillus sydowi

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:50:26 +0000

This species has worldwide distribution. Its primary habitat is the soil, but it has been recovered from a variety of other substrates. Found in warmer soil and in grains, straw, cotton, and decomposing vegetation. It appears to be less common in foods than A versicolor. This fungus should be considered allergenic. This fungus is associated with aspergillosis of the lungs and/or disseminated aspergillosis otomycosis (ear infection) and onychomycosis ( Infection of finger or toe nails). This fungus can produce the toxins patulin and citrinin which may be associated with disease in humans and other animals.

Aspergillus tamarii

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:50:05 +0000

This species in not considered common to both outdoor or indoor environments. It was originally isolated from tamari sauce. It is fairly common soil fungus and has been isolated from seeds of various crops and other substrates. This fungus should be considered allergenic. No toxic or invasive diseases have been documented to date.

Aspergillus unguis

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:49:46 +0000

This species is not considered common but have been isolated from a variety of substrates including man, shoe leather, and sesame seeds. This fungus should be considered allergenic. No toxic or invasive diseases have been documented to date.

Aspergillus versicolor

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:49:28 +0000

A common fungus in water-damaged building materials, Aspergillus versicolor produces the mycotoxin carcinogen sterigmatocystin.

Aspergillus terreus

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:48:59 +0000

Not common after a water loss, but is occasionally a cause of pulmonary aspergillosis in the immunocompromised host.

Aspergillus wentii

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:48:42 +0000

This species is considered common with its main distribution in tropical or subtropical soils. It has also been isolated from plant litter and seeds. This fungus should be considered allergenic. This species is only occasionally pathogenic and has been associated with otitis media, burns, and disseminated infections. No toxic diseases have been documented to date.

Aureobasidium

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:48:25 +0000

This yeast-like fungus is commonly found on caulk or damp window frames in bathrooms. Aureobasidium may be pink or black in color. Although it seldom causes infections, it can be allergenic.

Basidiomycetes

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:47:37 +0000

A group of fungi that reproduce sexually by the exogenous formation of basidiospores from a basidium. Frequently associated with dry rot, Basidiomycetes are primarily mushrooms, toad stools, puff balls, rusts and smuts. High levels of these spores can contribute to allergies in indoor environments.

Basidiobolus

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:47:15 +0000

Has been isolated from decaying plants, soil, and from the fecal materials of frogs, reptiles, fish, and bats. The relationship of these organisms to human occupied spaces potentially suggests a common present of this genera of fungi in the indoor environments. Should be considered allergenic. Basidiobolus ranarum rarely causes disease, but has principally been involved with trunk and extremely infection of children in tropical countries. No toxic diseases have been documented to date.

Beauveria

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:46:56 +0000

Widespread in the soil with various species being parasites of insects, the most notable being Beauveria bassiana which affects the silkworm. Not considered to be common to indoor environments. Should be considered allergenic. Reported to cause mycotic keratitis and occasional pulmonary infections. No toxic diseases have been documented to date.

Bipolaris sp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:46:38 +0000

A widespread fungus that is most frequently associated with grasses, plant material, decaying food, and soil. It is common to both indoor and outdoor environments. Older obsolete names include Drechslera and Helminthosporium. This fungus produces large spores which would be expected to be deposited in the upper respiratory tract. Various species of this fungus can produce the mycotoxin – sterigmatocystin which has been shown to produce liver and kidney damage when ingested by laboratory animals.

Bipolaris australiensis

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:46:22 +0000

A widespread fungus that is most frequently associated with grasses, plant material, and soil. Should be considered allergenic. Has also been reported as an infrequent agent of phaeohyphomycosis, particularly sinusitis. It can occasionally cause a corneal infection of the eye.

Bipolaris cynodontis

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:46:02 +0000

A widespread fungus that is most frequently associated with Bermuda grass. Recoveries have been made from human sinus and eyes, however; its exact role as a etiological agent remain unclear.

Bipolaris hawaiiensis

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:45:41 +0000

A widespread fungus that is most frequently associated with grasses, plant material, and soil. Should be considered allergenic. Common etiologic agent in fungal sinusitis. Also reported cases of pulmonary and cerebral disease, menigoencephalitis, and endophthalmitis. This organisms appears to be extremely aggressive in in some settings, possibly neutrotropic.

Bipolaris spicifera

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:45:24 +0000

A widespread fungus that is most frequently associated with grasses and plant material, and soil. Should be considered allergenic. Common etiologic agent in fungal sinusitis. Also been reported as an agent of phaeohyphomycosis, particularly fungal sinusitis. Disease also includes endocarditis, keratitis, osteomyelitis, peritonitis, and meningoencephalitis. This is the most common Bipolaris species implicated in human disease.

Blastomyces sp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:28:55 +0000

Blastomyces dermatitidis - Rare environmental isolates have been found in moist soil with high organic content. Important human pathogen. It is a thermally dimorphic fungus which has filamentous fungus when grown at 25 degrees C and a yeast form at 37 degrees C. Causes Blastomycosis in humans and animals involving pulmonary invasion, followed by cutaneous, osteoarticular, and genitourinary disease. No toxic diseases have been documented to date.

Blastoschizomyces sp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:28:38 +0000

Blastoschizomyces capitatus found in the soil, beach sand, as a normal flora of the skin, respiratory and digestive tracts of humans. Invasive and disseminated infections have been reported in immunocompromised patients. Cases of encephalitis and osteomyelitis have also been reported. No toxic diseases have been documented to date.

Botrytis

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:28:20 +0000

Most commonly associated with plants, Botrytis can cause allergic asthma after indoor exposure. High levels are likely to be found in greenhouses or other indoor areas with high humidity and a large number of plants such as an atrium.

Candida sp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:28:01 +0000

This fungus contains a variety of organisms that have isolated from the environment, as well as human skin and mucous membranes.

Candida albicans

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:27:46 +0000

Found in animals and in man. Has been isolated from the skin and mocosa of man, but has also been recovered from leaves, flowers, water and soil. Reported to be allergenic. A common cause of superficial infection, oral and vaginal infection, sepsis, and disseminated disease. Cells from the organism are usually not airborne and are considered to be a normal component of the flora of mouth and other mucous membranes in the body. Thrush and other diseases caused by Candida albicans usually occur after prolonged treatment with antibiotics or steroids. No toxic diseases have been documented to date.

Candida ciferrii

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:27:28 +0000

Found in soils. Considered to be allergenic. A common cause of superficial infection isolated from ears, skin, nails, and eyes. No toxic diseases have been documented to date.

Candida glabrata

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:27:09 +0000

Found associated with man, mammals, birds, fruit juices, and insects. Considered to be allergenic. Implicated in sepsis, persistent urinary tract infections, and refractory vaginitis. A major emerging pathogen in nonsocomial disease. No toxic diseases have been documented to date.

Candida guilliermondii

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:26:53 +0000

Found associated with man and other mammals, brewery products, vegetation, and insects. Considered to be allergenic. Implicated in sepsis, urinary tract infections, respiratory specimens, brain abscesses, skin and nail cultures. No toxic diseases have been documented to date.

Candida kefyr

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:26:34 +0000

Found in grains, dairy products, man and other mammals. Considered to be allergenic. Rare cause of human mycosis. May cause blood sepsis, invasive disease, and vaginitis, and urinary tract infections. No toxic diseases have been documented to date.

Candida krusei

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:26:18 +0000

Found in air samples, dairy products ,soil, man and other mammals. Considered to be allergenic. Involved in sepsis and disseminated, invasive disease, including gendocarditis, peritonitis, vaginitis, and urinary tract infections. No toxic diseases have been documented to date.

Candida lambica

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:25:58 +0000

Found in dairy products, fruit juice, water, birds, and man. Considered to be allergenic.

Candida lipolytica

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:25:41 +0000

Found in man and other mammals, corn, olives, and hydrocarbons. Considered to be allergenic. Implicated in sesis, thrombophlebitis, and chronic sinusitis. No toxic diseases have been documented to date.

Candida lusitaniae

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:25:23 +0000

Found in man and other mammals, birds, citrus fruit, and pears. Considered to be allergenic. Implicated in sepsis, especially in immunocompromised patients with underlying malignancy, and urinary tract infection. No toxic diseases have been documented to date.

Candida parapsilosis

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:25:06 +0000

Found in man and other mammals, tea, fruit juices, and water. Considered to be allergenic. Implicated in sepsis. Associated with burn infections and endocarditis. No toxic diseases have been documented to date.

Candida rugosa

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:24:47 +0000

Found in dairy products, feces, seawater, and insects. Considered to be allergenic. Implicated in sepsis. Implicated in fungemia, burn infection, and glandular infections in cattle. No toxic diseases have been documented to date.

Candida tropicalis

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:24:28 +0000

Found in humans and other mammals, fruit and water. Considered to be allergenic. Considered a true pathogen of immunocompromised hosts. Implicated in sepsis, wound infections, neonatal infections, and disseminated deep tissue infections. No toxic diseases have been documented to date.

Candida zeylanoides

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:24:09 +0000

Found in humans, soil, meat fish, and water. Considered to be allergenic. Implicated in sepsis, endocarditis, fungal arthritis, skin and nail infections. No toxic diseases have been documented to date.

Chaetomium

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:23:38 +0000

Commonly found on deteriorating wood products, it is considered a contaminant, occasionally implicated in systemic and cutaneous phacohyphomycosis. Chaetomium frequently emits a musty odor.

Chaetomium atrobrunneum

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:23:22 +0000

This fungus is found in soil, air, and on plant debris. Should be considered as allergenic. Has been implicated in fatal systemic mycoses. The thermophilic, neurotropic nature of this organism suggests it is a potentially aggressive pathogen. No toxic diseases have been documented to date.

Chatomium golbosum

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:23:04 +0000

This fungus is found in soil, air and on plant debris. Should be considered as allergenic. Is considered as agent of onychomycosis, peritonitis, and cutaneous lesions. Has been implicated in fatal systemic mycoses. No toxic diseases have been documented to date.

Chatomium strumarium

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:22:47 +0000

This fungus is common in warm soil and on plant debris. Should be considered as allergenic. Has been implicated in fatal brain abscesses in drug abusers. No toxic diseases have been documented to date.

Chrysosporium spp

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:22:29 +0000

Widespread, common in the soil and on plants. Rare agents of onychomycosis, skin lesions, endocarditis, and uncommon agents of the pulmonary mycosis adiaspiromycosis. No toxic diseases have been documented to date.

Cladophialophora spp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:22:15 +0000

Widespread, common in the soil and on plant debris. C. bantiana has been reported as a neurotropic agent causing cerebral phaeohyphomycosis in the form of brain abscesses. Skin lesions have also been reported. The organisms have also been recovered from pulmonary sites. C. boppii has been associated with skin lesions and a possible cause of chromoblastomycosis. C. carrionii is almost exclusively associated with chromoblastomycosis, which is generally restricted to subtropical areas. Most patients have had long- term soil exposure with repeated trauma and tissue injuries to the feet and legs. No toxic diseases have been documented to date.

Cladosporium

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:21:52 +0000

Cladosporium is the genera most frequently encountered outdoors. It can also be found indoors on the surface of fiberglass duct liner in the interior of supply ducts. It is a common allergenic. A wide variety or plants are food sources for this fungus. It can cause mycosis.

Cladosporium cladosporioides

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:21:38 +0000

Widespread distribution. Together with C. herbarum compose the most common species on dead organic matter and in the air. It is found on dead plants, woody plants, food, straw, soil, paint and textiles. Reported allergen. Has been implicated in pulmonary and cutaneous infections, possible sinus infection, mixed disseminated infections. No toxic diseases have been documented to date.

Cladosporium fulvum

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:21:18 +0000

Conidia (spores) dimensions 12-47 x 4 -10 microns. It is found on the leaves of tomatoes.

Cladosporium herbarum

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:20:59 +0000

Widespread distribution. Together with C. cladosporioides compose the most common species on dead organic matter and in the air. It is found on dead plants, woody plants, food, straw, soil, paint and textiles. Reported allergen. Has been implicated in cutaneous infections and keatitis. No toxic diseases have been documented to date.

Cladosporium macrocarpum

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:20:41 +0000

Common species on dead organic matter and in the air. It is found on dead plants, woody plants, food, straw, soil, paint and textiles. Reported allergen. No toxic or invasive diseases have been documented to date.

Cladosporium sphaerospermum

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:20:22 +0000

Worldwide distribution. Considered a secondary invader of plants, textiles, food, and is common to the soil and air. Reported allergen. Implicated in skin lesions, corneal ulcer and onychomycosis.

Cryptostroma corticale

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:20:04 +0000

Conidia (spores) dimensions 4-6.5 x 3.5-4 microns. Found on the bark of maple and sycamore trees and on stored logs.

Conidobolus sp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:19:47 +0000

Can cause a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa (entomophthoromycosis).

Cunninghamella sp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:19:34 +0000

Can cause disseminated and pulmonary infections in immune compromised hosts.

Curvularia sp

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:18:44 +0000

Reported to be allergenic. It may cause corneal infections, mycetoma and infections in immune compromised hosts.

Conidia (spores)

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:18:28 +0000

Dimensions 40-120 x 17-28 microns. Found on grasses, grains and decaying food. It can occasionally cause a corneal infection of the eye.

Emericella nidulans

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:18:12 +0000

A ubiquitous soil fungus. Most often isolated from tropical and subtropical climates. Perfect stage of Aspergillus nidulans. This fungus should be considered allergenic. No toxic of invasive diseases have been reported to date.

Emericella quadrillineata

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:17:54 +0000

A ubiquitous soil fungus. Most often isolated from tropical and subtropical climates. Perfect stage of Aspergillus tetrazonus. This fungus should be considered allergenic. No toxic of invasive diseases have been reported to date.

Emericella rugulosa

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:17:31 +0000

A relatively common species most commonly isolated from soil. Perfect stage of Aspergillus rugulovalvus. This fungus should be considered allergenic. No toxic or invasive diseases have been reported to date.

Epicoccum

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:17:15 +0000

A secondary invader of plant materials, Epicoccum can grow at higher temperatures than many fungi, allowing it to be a human skin pathogen.

Epidermophyton sp

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:16:59 +0000

Can cause infections of skin and nails.

Eurotium amstelodami

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:16:43 +0000

This fungus is frequently encountered in tropical and subtropical regions. It is frequently reported from soils and dried or concentrated food products. It is the perfect stage of Aspergillus amstelodami. This fungus should be considered allergenic. No toxic or invasive diseases have been reported to date.

Eurotium chevalieri

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:16:24 +0000

This fungus is frequently encountered in tropical and subtropical regions. It is frequently reported from soils and dried or concentrated food products, leather goods, cotton, seeds and other dried products. This fungus should be considered to be xerophile. It is the perfect stage of Aspergillus chevalieri. This fungus should be considered allergenic. No toxic or invasive diseases have been reported to date.

Eurotium rubrum

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:16:06 +0000

This fungus is frequently encountered in tropical and subtropical regions. It is frequently reported from soils and dried or concentrated food products, leather goods, cotton, seeds, and other dried products. The fungus is considered to be a xerophile. It is the perfect stage of Aspergillus rubrobrunneus. This fungus should be considered allergenic. No toxic or invasive diseases have been reported to date.

Fusarium

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:15:50 +0000

Distributed in soils and plants worldwide, Fusarium can invade corn and barley and produce toxins at lower temperatures than many fungi. Fusarium has affected water-damaged carpets, and can cause infections in immunocompromised individuals. Frequently involved in eye, skin and nail infections, and is reported to be allergenic

Geotrichum sp

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:15:33 +0000

Aw (water activity) 0.90. Conidia (spores) dimensions 6-12 x 3-6 microns. Aw (water activity) 0.90. A common contaminant of grains, fruits, dairy products, paper, textiles, soil and water, and often present as part of the normal human flora. The species Geotrichum candidum can cause a secondary infection (geotrichosis) in association with tuberculosis. This rare disease can cause lesions of the skin, bronchi, mouth, lung and intestine.

Gliocladium sp

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:15:17 +0000

A fungus which is structurally similar to Penicillium sp. It is reported to be allergenic

Helminthosporium sp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:14:59 +0000

Reported to be allergenic.

Histoplasma sp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:14:44 +0000

A fungus which has filamentous growth at 25 degrees C and yeast growth at 37 degrees C. It is reported to be a human pathogen. It may be associated with birds.

Humicula sp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:14:27 +0000

Grows on products with a high cellulose content. These fungi are also found in soil and plant debris.

Hyaline Mycelia

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:14:10 +0000

Sterile mycelia which is white or transparent. No fruiting structures are produced by the mycelia. Visual identification of these organisms is not possible. Often associated with allergic symptoms.

MeruliaPoria Incrassata sp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:13:54 +0000

Poria is one of many macro-type wood decaying fungi that feed on dead wood. Unlike most fungi that depend on moisture in the wood to survive, poria supplies it’s own water through root-like tubes called rhizomorphs, enabling it to move more quickly than other wood decaying molds.

Microsporum sp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:13:30 +0000

Causes ringworm in humans.

Monilia sp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:13:16 +0000

Reported to be allergenic. This fungus produces soft rot of tree fruits. Other members produce a red bread mold. It is infrequently involved in corneal eye infections.

Mucor sp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:12:59 +0000

Distributed worldwide and frequently found in air samples, Mucor is opportunistic and may cause infection in immunocompromised individuals. Often found in soil, dead plant material, horse dung, fruits and fruit juice. It is also found in leather, meat, dairy products, animal hair, and jute. The sites of infection are the lung, nasal sinus, brain, eye and skin.

Nigrospora sp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:12:41 +0000

Reported to be allergenic.

Paecilomyces

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:12:24 +0000

This heat-tolerant fungus is often found in warm, arid regions. It can attack many different materials including PVC, photographic paper, timber, optical lenses and leather. Paecilomyces also causes food spoilage; some species are resistant to preservatives. This opportunistic pathogen can attack juices undergoing heat pasteurization. Some species are causative agents of humidifier disease and allergic alveolitis.

Papulospora sp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 19:12:09 +0000

This fungi is found in soil, textiles, decaying plants, manure and paper.

Penicillium

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 18:47:58 +0000

Penicillium species are common contaminants on various substances. This organism causes food spoilage and colonizes on leather objects and is an indicating organism for dampness indoors. Some species are known to produce mycotoxins. If health effects are noticed by occupants or workers, in an environment that evidences an amplification of Penicillium, identification of species is helpful.

Phoma sp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 18:47:39 +0000

A common indoor air allergen. It is similar to the early stages of growth of Chaetomium sp. The species are isolated from soil and associated plants (particularly potatoes). Produces pink and purple spots on painted walls (3,17). It may have antigens which cross-react with those of Alternaria sp. It will grow on butter, paint, cement, and rubber. It may cause phaeohyphomycosis, a systematic or subcutaneous disease.

Pithomyces

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 18:47:27 +0000

Found in decaying wood, soil, and plant material, Pithomyces is not known to cause infections in humans.

Rhizomucor sp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 18:46:47 +0000

The Zygomycetous fungus is reported to be allergenic. It may cause mucorosis, in immune compromised individuals. It occupies a biological niche similar to Mucor sp. It is often linked to occupational allergy. The sites of infection are the lung, nasal sinus, brain, eye and skin. Infection may have multiple sites.

Rhizopus

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 18:46:29 +0000

Frequently found in house dust, soil, fruits, nuts and seeds, Rhizopus often grows in fruit and vegetable garbage, or in forgotten leftover food. Exposure to large numbers of Rhizopus spores has reportedly caused respiratory complications. Rhizopus can be an opportunistic pathogen for immunocompromised individuals, especially those with diabetic ketoacidosis, malnutrition, or severe burns.

Rhodotorula sp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 18:46:10 +0000

A reddish yeast typically found in moist environments such as carpeting, cooling coils, and drain pans. In some countries it is the most common yeast genus identified in indoor air. This yeast has been reported to be allergenic. Positive skin tests have been reported. It has colonized in terminally ill patients.

Sporobolomyces sp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 18:45:45 +0000

Reported to be allergenic.

Sporotrichum sp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 18:45:26 +0000

Reported to be allergenic. See also Sporothrix sp. as there is some taxonomic confusion between these two genera. This genera does not cause sporotrichosis

Stachybotrys chartarum aka (Stachybotrys atra)

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 18:27:17 +0000

Stachybotrys grows on wet materials that contain cellulose and low nitrogen content. Usually but not limited to building materials such as wall board paper (unfinished drywall), that has a high water activity over a long period of time (8-10 days or longer).

It produces several types of toxic metabolites and mycotoxins that can irritate skin and mucous membranes.

One of the mycotoxins it produces called satratoxin is also toxic when inhaled. Extreme care should be taken when this organism is amplified indoors.

Individuals with chronic exposure to the toxin produced by this fungus reported cold and flu symptoms, sore throats diarrhea, headaches, fatigue, dermatitis, intermittent local hair loss, and generalized malaise. The toxins produced by this fungus will suppress the immune system affecting the lymphoid tissue and the bone marrow.

Animals injected with the toxin from this fungus exhibited the following symptoms: Necrosis and hemorrhage within the brain, thymus, spleen intestine, lung, heart, lymph node, liver, and kidney. It is usually difficult to find in indoor air samples unless it is physically disturbed. The spores are in a gelatinous mass.

Appropriate media for the growth of this organism will have a high cellulose content and a low nitrogen content. The spores will die readily after release.

The dead spores are still allergenic and toxigenic. Percutaneous absorption has caused mild symptoms. FYI, even though Stachy in a home is rare, (3% to 5% of homes tested have Stachy in them), It is non discriminational, in other words it will make my lungs bleed just as it will make your lungs bleed.

Stemphylium sp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 18:26:21 +0000

Reported to be allergenic. Isolated from dead plants and cellulose materials.

Syncephalastrum sp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 18:25:59 +0000

Can cause a respiratory infection characterized by a solid fungal ball.

Trichophyton sp

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 18:24:59 +0000

Can cause ring worm and athlete’s foot. Reported to be allergenic. Found on soil and skin.

Trichothecium sp

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 18:24:40 +0000

Aw ( water activity ) 0.90. conidia (spores) dimensions 12-23 x 8-10 microns. Found in decomposing vegetation, soil, corn seeds and in flour. The species Trichothecium roseum can produce a trichothecene toxin which may be associated with disease in humans and other animals. Reported to be allergenic.

Tritirachium

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 18:23:04 +0000

Commonly associated with decaying plant materials, Tritirachium is not known to infect humans. It is reported to be allergenic.

Ulocladium

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 18:22:41 +0000

Isolated from soil, wood and decaying plant material, Ulocladium grows on wet walls, particle board and can be found on textiles. This genera is allergenic, contributing to the allergy load in those with Alternaria allergy.

Verticillium sp.

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 18:21:57 +0000

Conidia (spores) dimensions 2.3-10 x 1-2.6 microns. Found in decaying vegetation, straw, soil, and arthropods. A rare cause of corneal infections.

Wallemia

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 18:19:56 +0000

Found worldwide in house dust, air samples, dry food stuffs, soil, sugary foods, salted meats, dairy products, textiles, hay and fruits. Wallemia attacks materials with low water activity and produce mycotoxins.

Yeast

admin — Fri, 22 Aug 2008 18:14:44 +0000

Various yeasts are commonly identified on air samples. Some yeasts are reported to be allergenic. They may cause problems if a person has had previous exposure and developed hypersensitivity. Yeasts may be allergenic to susceptible individuals when present in sufficient concentrations.